Literature Review About Merger And Acquisition Performance Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3525 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? The literature has mostly studied the effects on employment after mergers and acquisitions (MAs) in Finland. MAs is a main point to enlarge a purchasing firm in all developed countries. Mostly restructuring involved in ownership changes. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Literature Review About Merger And Acquisition Performance Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Although MA could use to restructure the economy but it seems to be a threat to employment. After the removal of restrictions over foreign ownership during the early 1990s, cross-border MAs have greatly increased in number in this country and cause a public debate. In comparing to other firms, nonmanufacturing firm got the lesser effect on employment after cross-border MAs. Internal restructurings have substantial negative employment effects in trade but the most important is that almost all changes in ownership will leads to employment losses. MAs bring along the motives of to obtain genuine synergy gains, utilize scales economies in various forms, then, strengthen the market power in pricing, after that, revise the implicit agreements related to the firms personnel and other stakeholders, lastly, promote the managers own deviating interests. The effect of on MAs employment may be contingent on the type of MAs. The factors that matter are the distance between the target and ac quiring firm (domestic or foreign in our study), the nationality of the acquiring firm (domestic or foreign), and the institutional nature of an acquirer (another firm or another form of MA). MAs makes effect on employment in manufacturing, construction and other services, and trade (including hotels and restaurants) industry. Crossborder MAs or domestic MAs in which the purchasing firm is foreign-owned always leads to greater employment losses than other domestic MAs and internal restructurings. While during the late of the 1990s, there has been a substantial increase in the number of cross-border MAs. Mostly, which is around 60 percent of Cross-border MA activity has been concentrated in transport, the wholesale trade, and real estate, renting and business activities. Domestic MAs were most widely spread in the Finnish Savings Banks Group. Foreign companies tend to take over certain Finnish companies with particular observable characteristics. Based on the results from Fi nnish data (Lehto), foreign companies have a tendency to take over firms whose workers education level is high, whose size is large, and who are exporters. There are substantial negative (and statistically significant) employment effects for all sectors. This is consistent with our hypothesis that in the service industries a domestic purchaser, being located in the same relevant market as the target firm, may have a greater interest than a foreign one to buy another firm to limit competition We can sum up that almost all changes in ownership lead to employment losses and crossborder MAs have a negative impact only in manufacturing firm. A well-known explanation for employment losses is that the change in control through MAs offers an opportunity for a new management team to go back on on implicit labour contracts that have constituted obstacles for layoffs. Cross border and acquisition This journal state that the majority of crossborder MAs are not successful. Understanding the problems and opportunities of cross-border mergers and acquisitions is an essential element in understanding most MAs, and indeed in understanding the nature of global strategy. The acquisition of Columbia Pictures by Sony Corp in 1989. Sony was forced to take an unprecedented $3.2 billion write-down in 1994. This merger is now a classic case study of what not to do in cross-border deals. legal problems stemming from their recruitment of senior management who were under contract at Time Warner, lack of internal controls over budgeting, weak understanding of the fundamentals of the acquired business, and an overly optimistic belief in synergies arising from vertical integration and from applying Sonys technological competencies to the movie and television business. The two companies must reach agreement on which products and services will be offered, which facility or group will have primary responsibility for making this happen, who will be in charge of each of these facilities or groups, where will the expected cost savings come from, what will the division of labor look like in the executive suite, what timetable to follow that will best generate the potential synergies of the deal, and myriad other issues that are complex, detailed, and immediate .this merging companies must continue to compete and serve their customers in a competitive marketplace. The keys to establishing an effective strategic logic lie in answering questions such as: How will this merger create value, and when will this value be realized? Why are we a better parent for this company than someone else? Can this merger pass the better-off test will we be able to create more value (by being more competitive, having a stronger cost structure, gaining additional competencies that we can leverage in new ways, etc.) after the deal? These are difficult questions that require caref ul, objective, preacquisition analysis. Overstate the real strategic benefits of a deal is a definite problem that must be guarded against. Pressures that arise from the desire to close a deal quickly before rival bidders appear, cultural and sometimes language barriers that create uncertainty, and the often emotionally charged atmosphere surrounding negotiations, work against this requirement of objectivity. The highest potential crossborder MAs tend to be between firms that share similar or complementary operations in such key areas as production and marketing. When two companies share similar core businesses there are often opportunities for economies of scale at various stages of the value chain Employee stress and uncertainty can be particularly troublesome in crossborder deals. Mergers create uncertainty, and people often experience considerable stress during this time. There is a real danger that some of the best people in a company will leave as a result of the merg er after all, it is usually the best people that have the most attractive outside opportunities and inattention to their personal concerns may be costly. Studies indicate that the root cause of employee problems are feelings of mistrust and stress, perceived restrictions in career plans, and attacks on established cultural traditions within the acquired company, Differences among management and workers can sometimes spiral into broader community and political problems. Given the importance of integration to acquisition success, how can companies best manage this process? There are several important considerations. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ­Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Understand that most of the value creation in an acquisition occurs after the deal is done. For all the synergies and benefits that are projected to accrue from an acquisition, none can be realized without substantial effort during the integration process. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ­Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Plan for integration before doing the deal. There are many reasons why companies do not do this such as time constraints, insufficient information, lack of awareness of how critical integration really is but the alternative is to essentially guess at the sources of value creation. Develop a checklist of key integration issues, assign personal responsibility and a timetable for dealing with these issues, and set targets that will enable the value creation needed to make the deal work. Although integration is a process that cannot be completed in a few days, this analysis should yield a blueprint for how to create value from the acquisition. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ­Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Work the details. Some of the confusion and complexity of cross-border mergers can be mitigated by ensuring that executives in an acquiring company learn about differences in accounting standards, labor laws, environmental regulations, and norms and regulations governing how business is conducted in the country of the acquired firm early in the process. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ­Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Develop a clear communication plan throughout the entire process. The prospective melding of different country cultures in a cross-border deal can easily compound the uncertainty employees experience in any merger, and must be addressed in a proactive manner. In sum, there are two fundamental imperatives that must be underscored in any discussion of cross-border mergers and acquisitions. First, companies engage in a merger or acquisition to create value, and that value creation comes about through a combination of synergy realization to cut costs and competitive strategy repositioning to increase revenues and growth. And second, both the synergy realization and competitive strategy goals cannot be achieved without significant attention to the challenge of acquisition integration. If cross-border MA strategies are to fulfill their potential, and justify the premium companies t ypically pay to engage in them, managers will need to fully understand, and embrace, these two imperatives. MA performance This journal is an Empirical Evidence from Taiwan. The financial sector was transformed and opened to local conglomerates and foreigners in late 1980s and early 1990s. It made up more competition the domestic financial markets. The resulting rapid growth of financial institutions has increased market competition, forcing decision makers to adopt appropriate pricing strategies to maintain or increase market share. During the financial crisis of 1997, nonperforming loan (NPL) problems occur. To reduce the NPLs, two new regulations announced to encourage financial institutions to merge with others as financial holding corporations (FHCs). The overall NPL ratio of financial institutions which once peaked at 8.16 percent in 2001 was reduced under this new policy. Rhoades (1998) studies the MA performances of nine European banks and finds that MA can improve banks operating performance. On the other hand, Stiroh (2000) finds that MA is not capable of reducing costs or improving effici ency. Fields et al. (2007), who examine the MA cases of banks and insurance corporations in the United States and other countries from 1997 to 2002, find that positive abnormal returns existed for bidders, in addition to significant improvements with respect to economies of scale and locations. Campa and Hernando (2006), who study the MA performance of financial industries in Europe, report that shareholder returns of target corporations are positive around the date of announcement, while returns to the shareholders of the acquiring firms are essentially zero around the date of announcement. the increased size, complexity, and market share, after MA, financial institutions might be too big to fail and unwind, or, more accurately, too big to discipline adequately. This viewpoint suggests that, even though MA can increase the size and market power of financial institutions rapidly, it does not guarantee improved performance. In this section, we first categorize MA activities int o business, finance, and investment. For each category, according to the objectives that FHCs aim to accomplish, we next develop some empirical hypotheses in order to test FHC performance. Table 1 summarizes the objectives of FHCs. Finally, we discuss our empirical methodology This paper has investigated the performance of MA activities for 14 FHCs in Taiwan. The results suggest that while the profitability of FHCs increases on a yearly basis, the operating performance deteriorates. In addition, this paper has tested the performance differences in a five-year period before and after the establishment of FHCs, and has found no evidence for the improved performance of FHCs after they began their operations. Overall, there is not much strong evidence that the performance of MA activities for 14 FHCs increased over time. Taiwans experience can provide lessons for other emerging East Asian and developing countries that share a similar economic structure and financial environment, especially with regard to the political ramifications introduced by the reallocation of interests among authorities, managers, and shareholders during the reform process. Company Background For the company our group chosen is the CIMB GROUP. CIMB GROUP is also known as Commerce International Merchant Bankers Berhad. CIMB GROUP is a commercial bank and is the second largest financial services provider in Malaysia. It is also one of the most leading banking groups in Southeast Asia. They own the motto of To Be South East Asias Most Valued Universal Bank (CIMB Group, 2010). While their vision is classified below: We are in the business of creating value for our customers The main significance here is value. The value provided is mainly for the customers in terms of services company provided. The more value created, the more customers will turn to them. We believe the best way to create the most value is by enabling our people The keyword here is enabling. The way the company enable the employees is to actively and effectively engage them in placing, motivating and supporting, unleashing their true potential to produce more values for the customers. In order to protect our reputation and business, we speak and act with integrity Integrity is the main variable here. It refers to the approaches of how the employees treat the customers needs and interests. It is based on how the way employees speak, and act honestly and sincerely towads customers (CIMB Group, 2010). Behind this merging company, the background is complicated but chronogically, there are two main company whom plays an important role in forming CIMB GROUP. They are Bumiputra-Commerce Holding Berhad(BCHB) and Southern Bank Berhad(SBB). The main historical event are shown below: 1965 Southern Bank Berhad (SBB) is founded as Southern Banking Ltd.  It started its business in Penang and continue to expand into other states. In the same time, the Bank Bumiputra Malaysia Berhad(BBMB) also incorporated (CIMB Group, 2010). It develop prominently with banking facilities and services throughout from urban areas to rural areas untill 1979. It was also the first to introduce the MEPS/ATM system throughout Malaysia today. 1970 2000 Around the 30 years, there are several different merging banks and other highlighted activities occur. In 1972, Indian Overseas Bank Ltd, Indian Bank Ltd and United Commercial Bank Ltd merge and form United Asian Bank Berhad(UAB). Then, Pertanian Baring Sanwa Multinational Berhad(PBS) was incorporated in 1974. While in 1986, Bank of Commerce Berhad(formerly known as Ban Chiang Bank) replaced Bank Pertanian as the controlling shareholder of PBS, following which its name was changed to Commerce International Merchant Bankers Berhad (CIMB) (CIMB Group, 2010). In November 1991, Bank of Commerce merge with UAB and form Commerce-Asset Holdings Berhad(CAHB). Due to Asian Financial Crisis in 1997 hits Malaysia critically, and subsequently in October 1999, BBMB and Bank of Commerce merge to form Bumiputra-Commerce Bank(BCB) which is under CAHB control. The merge between them is the biggest merger in Malaysias banking history that ever recorded (CIMB Group, 2010). 2000 2005 From year 2000 onwards, CIMB began to actively involved in banking industry. In January 2003, CIMB Berhad had successfully listed on the Bursa Saham Kuala Lumpur(BSKL) and also launch CIMB Islamic (CIMB Group, 2010). Furthermore in 2004, CIMB acquire 70% of CTB and CAFM from BCHB. Then they were merged and become CIMB-Principal Asset Management Berhad(CPAM). In June 2005, CIMB also acquire G. K. Goh Securities Pte Ltd and Bumiputra-Commerce Group from CAHB. As a result of that, CAHB was renamed as Bumiputra-Commerce Holdings Berhad(BCHB) (CIMB Group, 2010). 2006 2008 After the acquisition of several banks and being listed in BSKL, CIMB Group had stabilizes its business and complete restructuring the exercise under BCHB. In March 2006, the Southern Bank Berhad Board of Directors agree to be purchase by BCHB which is under CIMB Group. Encapsulating investment banking, consumer banking, Islamic banking, expertise of BCB and agility of SBB, CIMB Group is able to mark itself on the Malaysian financial landscape (CIMB Group, 2010). Now, it is recognize as a universal bank. In accordance with the motto To Be South East Asias Most Valued Universal Bank, CIMB Group are able to embark its business and putting themselves on a higher platform. In the year 2008, CIMB are able to make strategic investment in the Bank of Yingkou, China and alos launch the CIMB-Principal Islamic Asset Management. Other than that, CIMB Group also acquire BankThai (CIMB Group, 2010). 2009 Present From 2009 onwards, CIMB Group is one of the most prestigous company whom actively involve in Malaysias banking industry. With the three mian sub-brands of CIMB Group which is CIMB, CIMB BANK and CIMB ISLAMIC, CIMB Group can fulfill different needs of customers. Still, CIMB Group continue to thrive and engage their business not only in Malaysia but also in foreign country. Example/Case Study Based on the Microsoft Customer Solution Case Study, it focuses on the weaknesses of human resource department in CIMB Group. The case study disscuss about the problem face and provide a solution for the company. The main problem CIMB Group face is the failure of tracking the status of staff request and applications; lack of amalgamation between departments, missing forms and need require more space to store hardcopy forms (Microsoft, 2005). Later on, CIMB Group realize that they need a system which is able to empower the human resource staff making them more capable. Before choosing, CIMB Group evaluated several human resource systems such as SAP and Peoplesoft. In the end, the company adopted a customized system from Mesiniaga, their Microsoft-based eHR. It was implemented as it meets CIMB Group requirements in terms of cost effective system and user friendly. It solve much of the problem and even add in new features. The system improved the company performance in terms of per formance appraisal, remuneration package, traning module and online employee handbook. All of that had been electronicalized and it save a lot of unnecessary paperwork plus reduce the potential errors in data entry. Ultimately, it improve the efficiency of work in the company (Microsoft, 2005). As adopted CIMB case study From mortar and bricks to cards and clicks it describe about a project development for CIMB Group and John Ryan was the project manager. It comprises four phase of the project. The first phase is to establish the retailing concept throughout the branches. For instance, researches such as network analysis, increased migration to self-service, generation of customer enquiries, consultation and elevated sales rates is carry out (Vilasini Krishnan, 2008). Entering the second phase, the concept is develop. Environmental design and retailing upgrades were included. On the third phase, suggestion were made to correct the deviation of the concept. Follow by phase fou r, all the plans were implemented and was launch at CIMB Banks The Curve Branch (Vilasini Krishnan, 2008). Reasons for Merging and Acquisition In this current competitive world, the competition between rival are getting more aggressive. Obvoiusly, when an opponent change the strategy, the market in the same industry will not be the same again. Merging or acquisition with another firm is very common thing. First of all, we need to know that merge here means two or more different companies combine and form a new one. While acquisition is a firm purchase another firm in terms of buildings, shares and businesses. Thus, our study include the reasons why company would enter into an agreement for merge or acquisition. Why merge? Reduce competition and for growth Whenever a company merge, this means that the market power will gain in the industry. A company(CIMB) increase the market power will have more dominance which will make them more robust in the industry. Hence, this will provide more rooms for growth as merging will covers more section(banking, investment, securities). Growth here will increase the profitability, size and productivity of a company. According to Perry-Porter model, it explain that there is a factor of production whose total supply is fixed in the industry(Tore Nilssen, n.d.). Furthermore, if a company(CIMB) want to expand, then it will need to access to more of this factor and gain from other firm in the industry(Tore Nilssen, n.d.). For instance, they include human capital and knowledge. Diversification Diversification here explain as diversify of revenues and funding (Focarelli, Panetta, Salleo, 2002). As mergers are provoked by aiming to extend the customer base for servi ces, they must provide the best for them. Because it possess different revenue and funding, mergers like CIMB are able to lend money to large firm as it own higher stability and that is why a bank can persist. Geographic diversification is also a reason to merge. This will help to reduce the exposure to any region (Brad Myers, 2006). Necessity In a compelling situation, sometimes firms are being force to merge. Economy plays an important role in it. For example, when economic downturn, small company had no choice and unable to sustain, eventually, stronger firms will gain advantage by merging with them. Unless the niche company has a defensive strategy or alternative way otherwise this is one of the way for the survival of the company. Why acquisition? Expansion The main reasons for acquisition is for the expansion of a firm. For example, CIMB had purchase BankThai in 2008. This prove that it helps CIMB to move rapidly into an international area because BankThai is already operating there. Another example can be seen is the acquisition of Anheuser-Busch by Belgium InBev. Both are beer company and Inbev has a strong market in Europe and Latin America. After overtaking Anheuser-Busch, Inbev was a ble to achieve a robust position in the U.S (Wheele Hunger, 2010). It usually engage a horizontal integration within the firms. Gain advantage of acquired company In acquisition, the motive is to gain advantage of the other firm. For instance, from the example of CIMB and BankThai, CIMB can learn the culture, how the perform the transaction in Thailand. This provide a competitive advantage over the competitors.

Taking a Look at the University of Oregon - 728 Words

College Essay - University of Oregon The University of Oregon is located in Eugene, Oregon. The University of Oregon is widely known for an impeccable environmental science department as well as for being a very progressive university. The beautiful mountainous location allows for very applicable science classes and contributes greatly to the learning of the students. Relatively close proximity to the city of Portland and the Pacific ocean are very intriguing to many, attracting many potential students and adding greatly to the population of the school. The University of Oregon is a great choice for students interested in the future of the planet’s environments. The University of Oregon was established in 1876 and started with 155 students and five teachers. Since its slow beginning, UO has been admitted to the Association of American Universities and its population has increased to over 24,000 students as of 2013(uoregon.edu). The women to men ratio is 52:48 and the student to faculty ratio is 24:1(Peterson’s). Ranked 217th overall in Forbes Magazine Americas Top Colleges, the University of Oregon offers a lot of great opportunities for many types of students. Applications for the University of Oregon are moderately difficult. With a 73% acceptance rate and moderate test score requirements, most applicants get in. The SAT test averages range anywhere from 993 to 1223(Forbes). Most students applying have a higher math SAT score(Peterson’s), further emphasizing the goodShow MoreRelatedShould College Athletes Should Be Paid?1580 Words   |  7 Pagespromised a $2,000 stipend. However, within a month, more than 125 athletic directors of universities and conference commissioners signed an â€Å"override request,† and the NCAA decided to suspend these payments. The athletes who signed before this suspension still received this $2,000 stipend, even without losing their amateur status. 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Comparing Spoken and Written Communication Free Essays

Comparing spoken and written communication Spoken language and web based communication are different from each other: they both have different features and aspects. Spoken language takes place in person, is transitory and relies on sounds. Whereas web based communication takes place online where speakers can be many miles apart during a conversation. We will write a custom essay sample on Comparing Spoken and Written Communication or any similar topic only for you Order Now So the features in web based communication are not present in spoken communication. A common factor which is required for a spoken conversation is turn-taking. This is when another speaker(s) allow the active speaker to finish conveying their point without interrupting. An example in my transcript is ‘Or do you want to check? ’ which is a complete utterance then the reply is ‘We’ll both check’. After person H has finished speaking only then does person F reply, this makes sure that the person speaking has the chance to say what they want to. Turn-taking allows a long and meaningful conversation to take place. If a speaker is interrupted, the other speaker will not be able to produce a sufficient response, causing the conversation to eventually end. Many spoken conversation conversations contain spontaneity; face to face conversations have to be quick and spontaneous. Speakers need to think of what they are going to say almost immediately. Rapid responses can avoid awkward and unwanted pauses. Sometimes the time given for a response is often too short, so to give the speaker some time to think about what to say next, fillers are used. An example is ‘Erm, I don’t know’. Fillers are commonly used at the beginning of a sentence or in the middle when the speaker is unsure of what to say (next). Without fillers the previous speaker may think they are still required to speak. We based communication can be considered as a mixture of written and spoken language as it has the spontaneous feature of spoken language but written as it gives the reader some margin in the time for their response. Some features such as fillers and non-fluency pauses are not displayed in web based language. Also as it is not done face to face, responders use other means of showing emotion, emphasis and in some circumstances, context. This leads to my first difference between web based and spoken language. As web based communication is made mostly of numbers, words and symbols. The actual meaning in spoken language is normally shown by the speakers tone, facial expression and gestures – which can be distorted, making it hard to display the literal meaning of text (pragmatics). So to get around this situation, online communications often use numbers, symbols and emoticons as representations of facial expressions. For example person F says ‘Yh, it woz sooo easy :)’ the emoticon was made using a colon and a closing bracket, indicating the casual and acknowledging manner as it would have been spoken as it a face to face conversation between person F and H. Features like these are not present in spoken language because they are already indicated by paralinguistic features. For example hand/body gestures and facial language of the speaker(s) which allow the pragmatic meaning and context to be understood properly. Another difference between spoken and web based communication is the way particular words and phrases are accentuated with the purpose to change the anticipated meaning. In spoken language this is done through the elongation of words such as ‘Hiiii’, or through altering the intonation of the voice, these are examples of prosodic features. Elongation is when a word is extended to place emphasis on the word(s) and to highlight its significance in the conversation However, while elongation of words in web based communication can simply be depicted as the repletion of vowels or consonants. Words in web based communication are not heard but read; consequently the physical varying of dynamics cannot be expressed. I have explored the differences between web based and spoken language but similarities are also shared between the two. Whilst speaking, specifically during long conversations, speakers often wish to speak as quickly and efficiently as possible to avoid zoning out and causing ear aches to yourself or the person you are talking to. Therefore to avoid any of the above from happening elision and ellipsis are used, elision is the omission of a vowel or syllable to make a word shorter by omitting a vowel or syllable (e. g. didn’t, won’t, can’t, etc. ) or by combining two words together for example: gonna which is going and to, wanna which is want and to. Elision is when whole words are removed from context but the utterance can still be understood for example ‘Same, just sitting down. ’ is a shortened version of ‘I’m doing the same thing, just sitting down’. This is also visible in web based communication; ellipsis and elision are used to convey a message quicker. However, unlike in spoken communication, this is done because many people are not able to type letters quickly or some websites such as twitter impose a character limit so acronyms and abbreviations are used to reduce the number of letters, spaces, symbols and numbers in the message. An example of an acronym is ‘†¦g2g†¦ ’ this stands for ‘got to go’ so it is a more rapid way of getting a message across using 2 letters and a number, especially when a person online has to go. Word shortening, using ellipsis and elision is more apparent online than in spoken language. The word length is determined by how many syllables a word has, not letters. For that reason numerous acronyms are used online as opposed to a spoken conversation, as acronyms do not provide any benefit in spoken communication. In today’s society and culture spoken communication is valued more than web based communication; this is why a good speech holds more significance and inspiration than an article online, spoken communication is genuine, authentic and unique. This could be due to the fact that the speakers tone, facial expression, gestures and emotion is expressed, whereas in web based communication we stare an emotionless, cold and bare wall of text. It may also be attributable to the point that the full capability of the internet has not yet been demoralised. Many people see web speak as one of the factors that vitiates the English language and contributes to poor spelling and bad grammar. Conversely others see it as a quick, efficient and practical way of communicating with one another when the means to do so are limited in terms of length and speech. How to cite Comparing Spoken and Written Communication, Essay examples

Prenatal Health Care in the United States

Question: Discuss about the Prenatal Health Care in the United States? Answer: Prenatal Care in the United States of America is regarded as a health care provided to women to treat them during their pregnancy period. The United States has differences in the socioeconomic sector that prevent the country to adopt an equal rate of prenatal care all throughout the country. The health care degrees vary by race, ethnicity, level of income and demographics. Surveys have shown that almost one-fifth of US women do not utilize prenatal care during their first phase of pregnancy. They also reveal that the parts of the United States with low socio-economic conditions cannot access the health care as compared to the women staying in urban areas. Women with higher income seek more prenatal care than that of women with low income (Frost, 2013). The priorities and roles of prenatal care are largely affected by the cultural discrimination in South Africa (Tomlinson, et al. 2014). The family structure of the South African people is almost unimaginable. They have the Ubuntu philosophy and that instructs them to see everybody as a greater whole. They have high reproductive rates as compared to the other countries and its maternal rate has worsened in the past few years. On the other hand, India is a developing country and it has several issues in providing prenatal care to the women of the country. The women with higher income can have access to better facilities than of the women in rural areas. This increases the infant mortality rate and increased diseases in newborns (Acharya, et al. 2015). Risk factors during the pregnancy period increase. The above-mentioned facts reveal that the United States of America affords many opportunities to increase the economic growth of the people. They have unevenly distributed the wealth in various categories of people according to their population growth and several historical factors. Therefore, the poor women have less access to the health care provided by the professionals of health care. However, the government of the United States of America has taken the initiative to provide health care to the women with low socio-economic status. On the other hand, South Africa and India have been facing similar problems in the health care sector. Both the countries are developing and do not have developed infrastructure like the United States of America. Therefore, the countries need to adopt various measures to bridge the gap between the rich and the poor and then they would be able to provide equal health care to the people in their countries (Heberlein, et al. 2015) This particular report brings out the differences in providing health care to the people of the above-mentioned countries. However, the United States of America is a developed country and has improved infrastructure to sort the differences among its community of people. The US government has adopted various measures to decrease the infant mortality rate and increase the infant birth rate. The government is trying to increase the employment opportunities to assure a fair distribution of wealth. This would further ascertain equal health opportunities to all the pregnant women in the said country who require prenatal care (Creanga, et al. 2015). References Acharya, A., Lalwani, T., Dutta, R., Rajaratnam, J. K., Ruducha, J., Varkey, L. C., ... Bernson, J. (2015). Evaluating a large-scale community-based intervention to improve pregnancy and newborn health among the rural poor in India.American journal of public health,105(1), 144-152. Creanga, A. A., Berg, C. J., Syverson, C., Seed, K., Bruce, F. C., Callaghan, W. M. (2015). Pregnancy-related mortality in the United States, 20062010.Obstetrics Gynecology,125(1), 5-12. Frost, J. J. (2013). US Womens use of sexual and reproductive health services: Trends, sources of care and factors associated with use, 19952010. Heberlein, E. C., Picklesimer, A. H., Billings, D. L., Covington-Kolb, S., Farber, N., Frongillo, E. A. (2015). The comparative effects of group prenatal care on psychosocial outcomes.Archives of women's mental health, 1-11. Tomlinson, M., OConnor, M. J., Le Roux, I. M., Stewart, J., Mbewu, N., Harwood, J., Rotheram-Borus, M. J. (2014). Multiple risk factors during pregnancy in South Africa: the need for a horizontal approach to perinatal care.Prevention Science,15(3), 277-282.

The Differences between Buddhist Music in Japan Essay Example

The Differences between Buddhist Music in Japan Essay Aragua The Differences between Buddhist Music in Japan, China and Tibet The Differences between Buddhist Music in Japan, China and Tibet The whole purpose of religion is to facilitate love and compassion, patience, tolerance, humility, forgiveness. -Dalai Lama Music plays an important role in religion, significantly influencing the worship practices of individuals who follow these faiths. As the music of a certain faith is influenced by the culture of a place, the music of certain peoples and places are influenced by the music of important religions that become deeply embedded in the culture. In this way, musical styles develop that are both religious and cultural, and are a reflection of both. This music is held in high regard by the people of these religions and cultures because it is the music that represents those aspects of life that are most precious. Culturally, music is a source of nationalist pride and unity for a group of people. We will write a custom essay sample on The Differences between Buddhist Music in Japan specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Differences between Buddhist Music in Japan specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Differences between Buddhist Music in Japan specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Religiously, music reflects how followers worship their respective deities. In the Buddhist practice, music and chants are used for meditation across the global span of the religion. However, different forms of music and chants are used in a variety of ways throughout religious practices. The music and different forms of chants in the Buddhist religion affect Buddhist practices, and are also influenced by the religion and the different locations around the world in which Buddhism is practiced. Japan, China, and Tibet have the highest concentration of Buddhists and Buddhism is an integral part of the culture in these nations. In addition to Buddhism being reflected clearly in the cultures of Japan, China, and Tibet, each of these nations also has their own forms of prayer expressed through raying musical styles. In order to further investigate the styles and forms of Buddhist music, a short history of the religion will bring many of the elements of this cultural and religious music to light. Buddhism is based on a concurrent following of Four Noble Truths and an Eightfold Path. The Four Noble Truths are: 1) that life consists of suffering, 2) that the origin of suffering is attachment, 3) that suffering can only be ended through Miranda, and 4) that the path to the end of suffering is the Eightfold Path. This Development. The basis of the Buddhist faith is the belief in Karma (that the sections one makes in their current life will be returned to them in their future lives) and Rebirth (that one will be reincarnated in another life after death). There are a variety of different forms of prayer, worship, and meditation practices in the Buddhist religion, and each of these practices involve different forms of music and chanting. Every detail of faith, from the Four Noble Truths to the deep belief in Karma, is reflected in the sounds of Buddhism. These sounds have become a part of the Japanese, Chinese, and Tibetan cultures and are a constant reminder of the Buddhist tradition in these parts of the world. For example, In a Zen temple, the hours of the day may be marked by the deep somber tones of the big o-gang bell in the bell tower, evoking the idea of impermanence (Mall 1959). A bell tower can be heard for miles around and will create an environment of thoughtful contemplation for the surrounding area, further connecting the culture of a location with the precious music of a religion, and constantly reminding practicing Buddhists of their beliefs and education to follow the Eightfold Path. The effect of a Buddhist Temple bell tower may be felt in a number of religious raciest; the Muslim call to prayer is heard from a mosque across entire cities at midday, and the melodious clanging of Catholic and Christian cathedral bells may at times reach a volume that could only be described as a roar, but each of these sounds is a reflection of the religious practices these holy buildings house. Buddhism is set apart from other religions in the intricate and sacred ceremonies that revolve around the music of the religion. Wellness expresses his rapture at Buddhist music, There is scarcely any religious denomination on the face of this earth in whose cared ceremonies music holds a more prominent place than Buddhism (Wellness 1957) In oral traditions of Buddhism, the words of a sacred text are learned and recited from memory. Chant is a ritual used as a musical representation of this oral tradition. Not only are sacred texts memorized, but when these texts are recited, they are said with rhythm and pitches, which create a more spiritual and reverent atmosphere during the ritual of chant. The Buddhist monks who perform these chants therefore memorize the sacred texts as well as the specific choral or pitched movements or intervals that are carefully placed throughout the chants to emphasize certain parts of the texts and evoke certain emotions tied to the sacred traditions reflected in the texts as well as in the act of chanting. This ritual of chanting is a religious experience for the monk who is performing the chants as well as for the viewers of the bring awareness to the mentality of truth and living deeply connected with the present moment, an important aspect of faith for followers of Buddhism. Again, Just as different countries have different styles of music that reflect their ultras and people, the three countries in which Buddhism is most prominent, Japan, China, and Tibet, have different cultural forms of Buddhist music that represent their strong Buddhist faith as well as integrate the musical instruments and aspects of their culture. The music of these countries is similar in many ways, laced together by the common thread of Buddhism to guide the development of music for worship, but each nation still reflects the unique culture of the place in the Buddhist music of the people. SOMY is an improvised chant that has two styles: rooky and rooky. SOMY uses the You scale, a pentatonic scale with ascending intervals of two, three, two, two and three semitones. SOMY is a form of esoteric ritual chant that is used worldwide in the Buddhist tradition, though the use of this chant is also relevant to the place in which people worship. SOMY is a type of music that possesses mystical syllables inhabiting the recitation of certain mantras. When this form of music is performed, the assembled congregation attain a blessing from hearing these chants. Since SOMY is a type of chant and meditation that is used in the Buddhist religion and cultures, it is influenced by the Buddhist faith, but t is also influenced by the cultures around it. While most forms of Japanese Buddhism use music quite prevalently, true SOMY is a rare find in Japan, present only in a select few temples on specific ceremonial occasions. In the scope of Buddhism in Japan, the influence of Buddhism of other cultures and the influence of other languages are accepted as a part of the music, and part of the ceremony. Japanese Buddhist liturgical chants are divided into three different categories: Bonsai, hymns in which Chinese characters stand for Sanskrit sounds, Was, hymns with texts written in Japanese, and Kansas, hymns with purely Chinese texts. In the way Chinese text substituting Sanskrit, and Chinese text standing alone are clear examples of the blending of languages and culture throughout Japanese Buddhism, and the truly worldwide breadth of the Buddhist religion. Surprisingly, hymnal texts written in Japanese only occupy one of the categories of Japanese Buddhist texts. The most melodious of these chants is the Was. Was tends to be heavily syllabic in style, poetic in text, and with a clear line, creating a musical chant that is most like the more Western understanding of religious hymns and worship music. Compared to Was chants, SOMY is much more complex musically, and the rarity of this type of worship music makes it that much more intriguing for anyone who is privileged to hear it performed. There are two levels of SOMY that are observed, the first style lies exclusively in the domain of priesthood, which passes from master to pupil continuously, as reflection of the that is observed is for the public to observe, but is still only performed by Buddhist priests and monks. Yet many of these mantras, or Hookup, are reserved only for those in priesthood. Hookup literally meaner a mystery piece or secret composition. The secrecy of these mantras is due to the belief that they are a psychic and cosmic force. There is power to this chant because of the presence of the mystic syllable mm, which is sacred in the Buddhist religion. In this way, the importance of music to Buddhism is further solidified by the private performances of SOMY, proving that the music and chants of the Buddhist tradition are not only for the benefit of the congregation or as a type of worship, but also as a sacred way of passing on priesthood between holy leaders. In another form of these Japanese chants, Kansas, four ritual sections comprise and cake sense of the chants, each a different genre of chants, used for different occasions and to evoke a variety of different emotional responses. The first, Bombay, is a hymn of praise, used during ecstatic times of worship. Second is the Gangs, an elaborate chant performed by priests while they deliberately and ceremoniously scatter lotus flowers, a Buddhist symbol of enlightenment. The don-on is an offering of pure chant or mantra to the Buddhist deity, Buddha himself. Lastly, the Shake-Joy is a chant that occurs toward the end of any service as a closing, a contemplative farewell. These chants explore Japanese Buddhism in greater depth and allow one to understand the different ways that music and chants are used in the ceremonies and services of the religion. The music of Buddhism is central to the faith because without music many Buddhist ceremonies could not take place, which is a crucial difference between Buddhism and other faiths, many of which employ music to aid worship, but the central aspect of the religion would not be lost if the music were missing. The important role that music plays to the Buddhist faith is clearly represented by the complexity of the music and chants. Each song and chant has a pacific meaning, a particular time and place, and even is performed by certain Buddhist leaders. After the Eddo period, Western music and influences enter Japan during a time known as the Meijer Period (1868-1911); however, the new western influence did not completely replace the traditional music styles that were established during the Eddo period. The Meijer period introduced western concepts such as harmonistic and fixed meter and tempo, which was not common in music from the Eddo period. These western influences were combined with the traditional Japanese scale and were implemented into the newly developed public school systems. Many of the songs that were used were traditional Japanese folk songs or western songs that had been translated into Japanese text. One of the primarily Japanese instruments with a religious affiliation is the Chihuahuas. Most of the recent pieces played on this instrument are derived from spiritual or meditative songs. During the Eddo period, a group of priests called the Sumo used the instrument as a spiritual tool to help focus breathing for meditation. These priests were from a sect of Buddhism that saw the instrument as a way to achieve enlightenment by playing songs that inspired Winnie is a term used by the Chinese that refers to music. Fabian is a term to denote Buddhist monastic chants. It has been used by the Chinese since Buddhism was introduced. Fabian in translation meaner scripture recitation; it is emphasized that the chants be tranquil. Chant is the only body of liturgical action and an expression of the liturgy itself. It is used to channel liturgical participation amongst the people. Gate is a sacred verse. Buddhist music has made an influence on world music Just as it has been influenced. Buddhist famine, which is characterized by a relaxed and say pace with solemn, soft tones. Chinese music has been influenced by Famine when it was developed to popularize a new style of giving sermons and publicizing the Dharma sung to famine melodies. According to the Vienna in Ten Recitations, regularly listening to Buddhist famine can give the following five benefits: a reduction in bodily fatigue, less confusion and forgetfulness, a reduction in mental weariness, a more elegant voice and greater ease in both personal expression and communication. The style of chanting in Tibet is called choral singing, it allows the monks to sing solo chords. The monks of Tibet are able to produce deep, guttural monotones that disperse into polyphony. As a Western listener it is likely to assume that the monks are singing in parts, however each monk is displaying a full set of sounds and pitches of firsts, thirds, fifths and additional overtones as well. The ability to produce these overtones and multi-phonics with one voice has been researched and there is no reason or explanation why these monks are able to sing this way. There has been studies that think it is because of the location of Tibet because it is located at the highest elevation in the world. The monks begin training at the age of twelve, before their voices will be classified as bass, baritone or tenor voice. The average monk is able to produce a D two octaves below middle C; which is beneath the range of most male singers. The ability to produce these sounds comes with great focus which allows the singer to achieve the awareness that is stated in the Eightfold Path. Meditation Mindfulness is Buddha word for meditation. By mindfulness he meaner: you should always remain alert, watchful. You should always remain present. Not a single thing should be done in a sort of sleepy state of mind. You should not move like a somnambulist, you should move with a sharp consciousness. SOHO There is a sense in which the monk, in deep meditation, is thought to hear within himself spiritual sounds of specific types that only he can hear. The frame drum, cymbals, conch horn, double-reed oboe, long trumpet and thigh-bone trumpet are though to evoke the thudding, crashing, ringing and tapping within his body; which mirrors the spiritual forces of the universe. (Mbabane: 21) Upon hearing these sounds, the pe rson may naturally become mindful of the Buddha, mindful of the Dharma and tart, so music inspires or induce the spirit with sounds that they hear. Music plays an important role in religion, influencing the worship practices of each individual who follow these faiths. In the Buddhist practice, music and chants are used for meditation across the global span of the religion. However, different forms of music and chants are used in a variety of ways throughout religious practices. The music and different forms of chants in the Buddhist religion affect Buddhist practices, and are also influenced by the religion and the different locations around the world in which Buddhism is practiced. From SOMY chanting in Japan to choral, monophonic singing in Tibet, there are many differences and approaches in attaining mental wellness and achieving focal awareness in the Buddhist religion to spread the Dharma and become as Buddha-like in nature as the individual Buddhist follower can. Whether one believes in a religion or not, and whether one believes in rebirth or not, there isnt anyone who doesnt appreciate kindness and compassion. -Dalai Lama Bibliography Chin, Pi-yen. Buddhist Chant, Devotional Song, and Commercial Popular Music: From Ritual to Rock Mantra.

Guide on How to Write a Definition Essay All You Need to Know!

Guide on How to Write a Definition Essay All You Need to Know! Writing an essay often requires defining a specific term and conducting profound research in order to interpret the meaning. Some disciplines may pose a challenge for students when they face some difficult notions or theories. In this way, they should look for various sources in the attempt to explain the meaning of the term, relate the definition to one’s life experiences, and form a personal opinion. It often comes that you may find contrasting ideas and interpretations of specific definitions on the web, though you need to base your opinion on the background knowledge and mix of various ideas. What is a Definition? According to the Oxford Dictionary, the word definition implies â€Å"a statement of the exact meaning of a word, especially in a dictionary.† Therefore, a person who tries to form a definition of the word should explain its essence. While forming a definition, one should smoothly move from the abstract to the concrete meaning. Writing a definition essay, you should not simply provide the definition, but also expand upon the meaning and add your interpretation based on the life experience. You are required to send a new message and bring an emotional appeal to the target audience in order to establish trust and render emotions. Guide to Selecting the Right Word 1. Select an abstract word with different meanings While forming a definition, choosing a simple word may pose difficulties to dwell upon it in the essay. Thus, a complex word may be the ultimate decision to move from abstract to concrete meaning. In linguistic terms, a word has semantic fields implying that it has a range of different meanings, which may resemble each other in its shade. One should always rely on the primary meaning of the word to shape the ultimate definition. Using more abstract nouns can help you expand upon the definition and structure it into various elements. For instance, the abstract word love can be used more widely than the word affection. This word constitutes a concept and may include different shades in its meaning, ranging from mother’s love to her children to physical love. 2. Choose a debatable word The word used to form a definition should be disputable enough, so that you may construct your own opinion. While analyzing a definition, you should interpret the meaning from your perspective and come to a certain conclusion. You are required to contribute to the primary meaning of the definition in an attempt to create a coherent and extensive definition. 3. Select a familiar word Relying on the dictionary is good, though you should always choose the word you are familiar with to incorporate it into the definition. While you should develop the meaning of the word you select, it is important to apply both theoretical and practical knowledge to shape the definition. 4. Check a dictionary definition Before analyzing a specific concept, it is advised to turn to the dictionary in order to find an academic explanation of its meaning. For instance, based on the online etymological dictionary, the word anxiety derives from Latin anxietatem implying â€Å"apprehension caused by danger, misfortune, or error, the uneasiness of mind respecting some uncertainty, a restless dread of some evil.† In this way, you may compare your understanding of the definition with the registered one and form your thoughts based on the formal explanation. 5. Find an etymological meaning of the word Thus, except for the dictionary meaning, you may find the origin and history of the word, which can be related to the specific historic period and existing norms of that time. Compiling an Effective Definition: A Few Tips from Our Writers Divide a word into different morphological parts and derive its meaning separately. For instance, the word deconstruct can be separated into prefix de, and the base morpheme construct. In this context, de presupposes â€Å"down, away, off, from among,† which forms a negation in the word. Therefore, you may rely on the significance of the prefix and then, come to the philosophical interpretation of the word depending on the context of its use. Provide a classification of the word and define the part of speech it belongs to. You may compare the notion to other similar notions that relate to the same class. In this way, you may distinguish the differences between them and differentiate the most important features of the word’s meaning. For instance, based on the Longman Dictionary, pine is â€Å"a tall tree with long hard sharp leaves† in comparison to other trees such as maple, oak, birch, or cherry. Define the function of the word by telling what it means. You should explain how it is related to other words in a specific context. Compare a term you are not acquainted with to something more familiar to you. For instance, you may explain an uncommon for most people term by using the words that are more familiar to average people. For example, the word effete, which is not commonly used, can be substituted with the word over-refined or used in a different shade like feminine. Define the physical characteristics of the word to visualize its meaning. For instance, the abstract word childhood may not only indicate the physical attribute of age, but also feelings and states, such as coziness, warmness, and even anxiety you may feel during childhood. Use negation in order to explain the definition. For instance, while defining the word anxiety, you may contrast it with the word peace to explain its meaning. You are welcome to use anecdotes and examples to express the meaning of the definition. You can pose some questions to yourself like: Which examples can be applicable to the given definition? In what way can I appeal to the readers? Will this anecdote convey the term’s meaning? Organizing a Structure 1. Indicate the dictionary definition in the introduction In the introductory paragraph, you are required to quote the word-for-word definition from a trustworthy dictionary. Therefore, you may produce space for your own interpretation, which can be amplified by your background knowledge. Then, you may elaborate on the given term you have to analyze. 2. Give a definition of the term in the thesis In the thesis statement, you should determine the term in your own perspective. Note that the definition should be clear and brief, as you will further develop it in the body. Avoid passive constructions and use more positive statements to prevent redundancy. 3. Break up various parts of the given definition into different paragraphs You should choose a specific strategy, which would help you to explore the definition in depth. Do not stick only to one tactic, as sometimes it cannot be applicable to all terms. Utilize a range of methods in the attempt to visualize the general picture of the notion. 4. Provide your own in-depth research of ideas in the main body In the main part, you should form coherent and strong topic sentences to present your claim. You should support your topic sentences with credible sources. Therefore, you are welcome to use dictionaries of different types including definition and etymological ones. Likely, you may indicate the cases in which the notion can be used, its origin, and development through history. It can also be useful to involve common fallacies faced by students in an attempt to define the term. As evidence, use your life experiences and examples to support the topic sentences. You might choose any structure you wish, though you can start the main body with the origin of the word. You should define different points in the body to appeal to the reader. After providing the history, you might make up your own definition based on dictionary meaning. You should note that after providing an interpretation of the definition, you can include specific characteristics of the word, which make it stand out. Then, you can describe your own attitude and feelings associated with the word. While forming a definition, you should identify its grammatical meaning, breaking it into several parts. This could be done by classifying the word based on its morphological composition and semantic meaning. You should also explain its usage and significance in the spheres of life it might be applicable. For instance, if the word is outdated, you should explain how it disappeared from everyday use. Define the causes and dwell upon the word’s use through a historical prism. If the word is still used on a regular basis, you can indicate its possible limitations in use. Therefore, you can identify in which contexts the word can be used and in which situations the word cannot be applicable. In addition, define the effectiveness of the word and its impact on human perception. 5. Summarize your thoughts In the concluding paragraph, you should reiterate the main points you covered in the body paragraph. Pay close attention to the topic sentence in order to distinguish the major points. You may also include limitations or recommendations to leave food for thoughts for the reader. 6. Highlight the associations you have with the given definition If you can relate your own stories and feelings to the given definition, you are welcome to include your thoughts in conclusion. If you show the role of definition in your life, the reader is more likely to be engaged in reading the guideline. Definition Topics You should remember that choosing abstract nouns for compiling the definition is the best strategy for analysis. While all people are acquainted with common nouns, it is better to dwell upon uncountable complex nouns. Some of the most known abstract concepts involve love, happiness, family, religion, life, and death. These are possible definition essay topics: How to Find the Meaning in Life If There Is No Meaning in Life? What Is the Concept of Temporality from the Existentialist Point of View? Define the Notion of Love Based on the Elements of Eros, Philia, and Agape; Define the Notion of Solitude in Plato’s Interpretation; How to Define Type of Personality Based on Body Language? How to Struggle Anxiety If the Life Always Poses a Challenge? What Does It Mean to Be a True Self? How to Get Positivity in the Cases of Disappointment and Sufferings? Define the Concept of Life from the Existentialist Perspective; Define the Notion of Fear of Death Based on Religious Theories. Definition Writing Tips from Our Experts When shaping a definition, you should not be biased and provide different viewpoints based on several sources. You are welcome to use encyclopedias and dictionaries to check the registered academic definitions. Always include examples and life stories to illustrate how the word is used. You may include common mistakes related to the word’s usage and underline its application in everyday life. Do not merely provide a copy of the exact definition from the dictionary. Always provide your own interpretation of the word or paraphrase it in your own way. Provide a unique definition that does not only comply with academic one. Check spelling and grammar before submitting a final draft. Select a notion that you understand and to which you can relate your own experience. If you do not understand the term, you may consult your instructor and receive an in-depth explanation of the notion. Include many perspectives on the interpretation of the notion. You may cover such points as etymological meaning, functions, uses, effectiveness, and limitations. You can include both similarities and differences to compare the term with others and define its unique characteristics. When coming up with the definition, do not start with when or where. Follow a logical flow of ideas and keep a coherent structure throughout your essay. You should have a clear introduction with a thesis statement, the main body, and conclusion. Pick up the broad term as the too narrow topic may restrain you from writing a well-grounded guide definition. Though, a topic should be neither too broad nor too specific in order to take different perspectives. Try to use smooth transitions in the guideline to combine various types of your essay. Write in accordance with the word count to produce a succinct and coherent guide definition. References Anxiety. (n.d.) In Online etymology dictionary. Retrieved from https://www.etymonline.com/ Definition. (n.d.) In Oxford Dictionary. Retrieved from https://www.oxforddictionaries.com/ Definition Essay: A Powerful Guide to Writing an Excellent Paper | PrivateWriting. (2018). Retrieved from https://www.privatewriting.com/blog/definition-essay Definition essay writing help, ideas, topics, examples. (2018). Retrieved from https://essayinfo.com/essays/definition-essay/ Essay Writing Guide: Definition Essay. (2018). Retrieved from word-mart.com/html/definition_essay.html How to Write a Definition Essay | English Composition I: Rhetorical Methods–Based. (2018). Retrieved from https://courses.lumenlearning.com/englishcomp1v2xmaster/chapter/how-to-write-a-definition-essay/ Pine. (n.d.) In Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. Retrieved from https://www.ldoceonline.com/ Tips and Hints on How to Write a Definition Essay: Guides A Research Guide for Students. (2018). Retrieved from https://www.aresearchguide.com/tips-hints-write-definition-essay.html

Applications of Graph Theory Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Applications of Graph Theory - Assignment Example In the case of Konigsberg problem, there were seven bridges that connected two islands to the mainland in Konigsberg. People wondered whether one could walk through the seven bridges once. Euler solved the problem by using the graph theory to prove that one could not walk through all the seven bridges once (Shirinivas et al., 2010). Concepts of graph theory are extensively applied in models and study applications in different fields. For example, graph theory concepts are used to study molecules, atoms and bond construction in chemistry. Graph theory concepts are also applied to explore diffusion mechanisms and to measure actors’ prestige in sociology. In biology, graph theory concepts such as vertex represent areas occupied by the particular species population. Edges may represent movement or migration path followed by these species. These concepts are also important in tracking the speed at which disease spread and parasite migration in the species. Several graph theoretical concepts are applied in solving different problems in operation research. For example, the graph theory concepts are used to determine the optimal assignment of tasks to individuals (Shirinivas et al., 2010). Computer science utilizes graph theoretical concepts broadly in many sections. These sections include networking, programming, data mining, security, and databases. Networking is a major area where graph theory is widely applied. The two major applications of graph theoretical concepts in networking are Shortest Path Algorithms (SPAs) and the Minimum spanning tree concept. Computer network refers to a linkage of one computer to another in order to exchange or interchange information. Computer networking depends heavily on theoretical concepts of graph theory. A simple computer network can be represented using the graph theory (Hart, 2013). Shortest Path Algorithms (SPAs) are graph theory concepts that are widely used

Climate change in the past, today and future Essay

Climate change in the past, today and future - Essay Example Previously, little awareness and concern was attributed to the changing patterns in climate and the risk on human health populations associated with it. However, today with the continued urbanization and distancing of human life from the natural systems, reality has dawned that the world’s climate system is indeed an integral part of the complex of life-supporting processes, and, therefore, requires urgent measures in its maintenance and sustainability. With the world increasing economic development and growth, many of the natural systems coming under pressure from the increased populations (Githeko and Woodward, 2003). Asia has a significant increase in human population and currently the most populated continent in the world, an aspect that has resulted in a reduction of resource availability, forcing individuals to engage in activities that despite being beneficial to human remain short lived and significantly contribute towards increasing climatic change. The increased population contributes towards difficult environmental and socio-economic challenges, caused by the activities indicated above, which increase the production of greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases prove, as the greatest challenge for the world today, and most especially in Asia. Concerns remain the reduction strategies of the greenhouse emissions to levels that would not interfere with the climate system (Ebi, Mearns, and Nyenzi, 1999). Asia as a continent is currently undergoing significant industrialization and, therefore, a producer of significant amounts of gases, including the greenhouse gases, released into the atmosphere without prior treatment. On average, the atmosphere shields the earth surface of up to 50% of sunlight rays. Additionally, greenhouse gases, which take up 2% of the atmosphere, also play a significant role in the absorption of the sunlight rays up to 17% (Ebi, Mearns, and Nyenzi, 1999). For the light reaching the earth’s surface, absorption takes place followed by

Genetic Engineering Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Genetic Engineering - Essay Example Procedures principles and the process often genetic engineering and cloning affecting ethics are examined.1. P 1 – Strands of Deoxyribonucleic Acid(DNA) can be cut using special enzymes2. P 2 – The strands can be cut and, therefore, remove some genetic combinations3. P 3 – DNA contains information about genes of the given organisms4. ACTION 1 (P1 P2 P3) – Since strands of DNA can be cut it is possible to duplicate genes, and this contributes much to the genetic engineering process useful for medical reasons. It has caused much arguments and debate since there is the development of the human and animal cloning practices. 5. P 4 – There are drugs and medicines in the world that contain similar elements that may be found in cow’s milk or goats’ milk when cloning is used.6. P 5 – Current processes revolve around the production of vaccines against some of the worst diseases like Malaria, antibodies of HIV and proteins to treat hemoph ilia among others by use of cloning processes.7. P 6 – Current research is also targeting the development of proteins ha will help digestion of fats and proteins for infants by use of cloning tests.8. ACTION 2 (P4 P5 P6) – Cloning can be used for beneficial purposes and tests, stopping the cloning process will hinder the tests.9. P 7 – safety of genetic engineering processes have been questioned, and even legislation has been set up.

Engine Oil Pan And Functions

Engine Oil Pan And Functions This report will analyze the engine oil pan as one of metallic component in car application. The analysis will cover the role of the component, the material for the component and the properties of the material. We will cover the process of how the properties are achieved. We will also analyzing the alternative material suitable for the specific component, compare and contrast with the alternative material. Introduction Engine oil pan is a simple automotive component with a very simple function. However, it is very vital for youre the engine part to operate properly. By understanding the function, the specific requirement and the material for an oil pan, it would help us to understand more on material selection for specific automotive applications. Engine Oil Pan and Functions For engine to work at its best, it must be running at a specific operating temperature. This temperature can only be maintained with the aid of engine oil that acts as a coolant. Subsequently, it needs a component to store the oil and continuously reuse it. That is the main function of the engine oil pan. Besides a storage component, oil pan will also collect some of the residue picks by engine oil while passing through the engine. Oil pan also served as a bottom cover of engines. Component Condition and Requirement In relative to the oil pan application, certain condition and requirement of the material should be meet. First, the material for the component should have a good corrosion resistance. It is to ensure that the oil in the sump will not contaminated. Even though the function of the oil pan is not for cooling, but the good thermal conductivity property will give an advantage for the application. Furthermore, it has to have a good ductility to prevent crack or damage due to stone impact. Low density in material will be a great advantage for the component, as it will reduce the weight. Above all, the most important criteria for the component are the ability to sustain the operating temperature of the engine. However, the engine operating temperature is considered low for all kind of metallic material to withstand. Materials and Properties for Oil Pan application In this paper, we will analyze the properties of cast aluminum alloy as a material for the oil pan. Aluminum alloy (2.7 g/cmà ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ µ) is characterized as a nonferrous alloy, which relatively low density material compare to steel (7.9 g/cmà ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ µ) (Callister 2007). Beside low in density, it is also comparatively high thermal conductivity and inherent corrosive resistance in some common environment. Furthermore, the ductility of Aluminum alloys is retained at low temperature due to Aluminum has a FCC crystal structure (fig. 1-1). Face Centered Cubic Crystal Structure. In hard sphere unit (a), a reduced sphere unit (b) and in aggregate of many atoms. An important characteristic of this material is the specific strength, which is determined by the tensile strength to specific gravity ratio (Callister, 2007). Even though aluminum alloy have a tensile strength relatively compare to the higher density material (such as steel), on a weight basis it will able sustain a larger load (Callister,2007). In particular to the casting alloys use for productions of oil pan in automotive industry, the die casting process is used. In general the AlSiMg alloys is use for the production of the oil pans. Table 1.1 Composition, Mechanical properties and common application for cast-heat treatable Aluminum alloys (Callister, 2007) Silicon in the range of 5 to 12% by weight is the most important element in aluminum alloying due to ability to increase the fluidity of the molten metal as well as strengthens the aluminum. Magnesium in the range of 0.3 to 1 % by weight is added to increase strength (Smith, 2004). The silicon content in the component will cause the formation of acicular silicon. It will cause the considerable reduction in the ductility of the component. Therefore the heat treatment is necessary for the component, after molding process. It is to obtain the appropriate adequate mechanical properties with respect to hardness and ductility. The heat treatment process at an appropriate temperature and for an appropriate duration is carried out to produce the component with a different hardness. In this case, production of oil pan used the solution heat treatment and followed by artificial aging process, indicate by (T6) in table 1.1. As for the oil pan, in the region of a flange is kept untreated in order to retain high level of hardness and low level of ductility. Thus, the hardness will be 85 to 110 HB and the ductility of 0.5 to 2.5%. While on the base region, it is heat treated appropriately to create a hardness of 55 to 80 HB and ductility greater than 4%. Hence, the ductility is increased and the hardness is reduced. Properties of Aluminum Alloy suit the Oil Pan Requirements Aforementioned, we had discussed the condition and requirement of the oil pan application. Through the material analysis of Aluminum alloy, we found that aluminum alloy has a good corrosive resistance. Furthermore, the mechanical property of aluminum alloy as good thermal conductivity would provide a better heat dissipation for the engine oil. Through solution heat treatment process the aluminum oil pan have had a sufficient ductility to sustain stone impact from bottom. With a considerably good hardness the aluminum alloy oil pan would maintain the component shape from deformation due some level of impact. Comparison to other possible materials for oil pan Other material commonly used to produce oil pan is low carbon steel. Oil pans made of steel are produced with a stamp forming process. Physically, in contrast to the aluminum alloy oil pan, the steel oil pan is light in weight. It is because it was produce with a thin steel sheet compare to a thicker cast aluminum alloy oil pan. Based on properties of the material, steel oil pan has a higher ductility but less hardness compare to aluminum oil pan that has high hardness and low ductility. Advantage in having high ductility material is the ability to withstand impact without crack or damage. The comparison of those material (Table 1.2) shows the difference in elasticity, which the modulus of elasticity determined the resistance to elastic deformation. The greater the modulus (Steel alloy) the stiffer the material will be. However, with that property the shape of the component will easily deformed. In case of oil pan application, it might damage other component inside the pan such as oil strainer. Other advantage of the aluminum oil pan in contrast to steel oil pan is the ability to acts as a noise shield, especially on diesel engine. In term of heat dissipation, aluminum oil pan will have advantage in dissipating more head compare to steel oil pan. Table 1.2 Room temperature Elastic, Shear Modulus and Poissons Ratio for Aluminum Alloy and Steel Alloy. Aluminum Aluminum offers many advantages over other materials. Some of these include: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Light weight (~2/3 the weight of steel) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Machinability à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ High strength-to-weight ratio à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Non-oxidizing when exposed to air à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Excellent heat dissipation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ High electrical conductivity à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Can be cast by all common casting methods à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Heat treatable for higher strength and hardness Willian D. Callister, Jr. (2007). Materials science and engineering : an introduction, 7th Edition. United States of America, John Wiley Sons, Inc. Martin, J W.(2006). Materials for Engineering. Cambridge, Woodhead Publishing, Limited William F. Smith (2004).Foundation of Material Science and Engineering, Third edition.New York, McGraw-Hill.

G.C.S.E English and English Literature Coursework Poetry Assignment Ess

G.C.S.E English and English Literature Coursework Poetry Assignment We have been set the task to compare the ways in which the poems I have studied deal with the passing of time. The three poems are â€Å"To his Coy Mistress†, â€Å"Ozymandias† and â€Å"To the Virgins to Make Much of Time†. All three of the poems clearly deal with the passing of time in different ways. â€Å"To his Coy Mistress† is about a man telling a woman that if he had all the time in the world, he would spend it with her. In the â€Å"To the Virgins to Make Much of Time† a man is trying to persuade a woman to make much of her youth with the time she is given. â€Å"Ozymandias† is about time in a different way by saying no tyranny can beat time like the statue in the poem. This poem is different to â€Å"To his Coy Mistress† and â€Å"To the Virgins to Make Much of Time†. It’s not about love or anything else to do with the other poems but the passing of time. In the â€Å"To his Coy Mistress† by Andrew Marvell the poet wants to persuade his coy mistress to have a fiscal relationship with him. Marvell splits the poem into three different stanzas, each one with a different purpose. The first stanza is an introduction, Marvell speaks about what he wants to do with the Mistress, he speaks about time, and how it is not on their side. The second stanza introduces that time is their enemy; he uses fear in this section to try and persuade her. And in the final section he changes the person in which he writes in he now talks about 'we', he speaks about how when the couple are together they can tackle the problem of time. This is very well thought out because it is clear what he wants, he splits up the stanzas effectively and makes the whole picture clear in your head, and this is a... ...o are about someone who has most of hers yet to come. However they use different tactics to show the passage of time to the reader, and explore how time lasts as long as a person does. The poets both use day tones to help them convey this, they are day the time that has or will pass. In Ozymandias the day is for something that was once hugely impressive but over time has deteriorated into nothing, whilst in the other two poems the mourning is for something that over time to come will lapse into nothingness – person’s life. I thought that â€Å"Ozymandias† was the most appealing. I think this because it’s different to the other two poems and sometimes different is better. It shows use that even if something is hugely impressive, over time it will deteriorate into nothing. I think it shows this in a very effective way and could appeal to many different people.

Reintroduce Children’s ASPIRIN

Given the respective scenarios and the projections described in the exhibits for each option, evaluate and choose the alternative that best optimizes Bayer’s prevention and children’s business. Explain. Upon reading the two options that have come up, the best alternative would be choosing the second option: Reintroduce Children's ASPIRIN worldwide as a prevention product and rename it under the brand ASPIRIN 100 ®. Figure 2 (See below) summarized that this option appears to have more benefits than the first option given.Although venturing into this option would require repackaging, relabeling, and reindicating the brand and it might accelerate the cannibalization of Pharma's sales, reintroducing the product could attract new users from competitive brands. As Joachim Zander analyzed the two scenarios under when they reintroduce their product: â€Å"Under the first scenario, we essentially create attention for ourselves and the market reacts. As a result, Pharma's high -end product, CardioASPIRIN ® , loses 10% of its sales due to our cheaper alternative.However, we also appropriate incremental sales of 10% from the competition. Beyond that, by keeping the product on the market, though in a new form, we are able to keep 20% of the children's ASPIRIN customers. Under the second scenario, I envision that the market does the opposite and reacts very little to our product change. Thus, Pharma doesn't lose any volume, and Consumer Care is unable to gain any incremental volume from the competition. Either way, we still keep 20% of the children's ASPIRIN customers.† Comparing Exhibit 6 with Exhibits 7A and 7B, the forecast losses in Option 1 will be substantially greater given the Middle and Worst Case Scenarios than what is featured in losses in Option 2. Although in the Best Case Scenario in Option 1 could appear to be advantageous, assuming that scenario to happen would be faulty. Also, as emphasized in Exhibit 5, although the sales of children ’s aspirin is declining, its margin against the Prevention CardioASPIRIN ® is still significantly higher.Keeping their seasoned and most valued customers who give them more profits will be the optimal approach. Thus, the win-win solution would be Option 2 because either way 20 percent of the children’s aspirin customers will be maintained. This business decision will be less damaging to the company, either best or worse case happens. 2. ) Do you agree with quantitative assumptions used to develop the forecasts? Why or Why not? Yes, I agree.In order to come up with the best decision, managers must make a number of educated assumptions about future trends and events and modify those assumptions once new information becomes available. Quantitative forecasts are typically based on historical data or tests and which involve complex statistical computations, which the Bayer Aspirin Case presented to represent the financial outcomes of the two options. Although quantitative forecasting is not foolproof, it is a valuable tool that enable managers to fill in the unknown variables that inevitably crop up in the planning process.For instance, the case study obtained the trend from 1994 to 1998 to formulate the outcomes of the trends in 1999 to 2003. The results they obtained indicated that prevention customers had been rapidly replacing children customers over the five years from 1994 through 1998. Forecast indicated by 2003 that approximately 27% of Children’s ASPIRIN sales would be for children and 73% for prevention customers, effectively reversing the 80% / 20% split, respectively, from 1994.Upon seeing the trends, Zander and Merker had the ability to conclude that Children’s ASPIRIN was naturally evolving into a low-cost, low-dosage prevention product. And it looked as if the combination of the rapid growth in the prevention market and the decline of the children’s market would be the death of the Children’s ASPIRIN brand. Of course, these are just assumptions and these could be wrong but at least the present trends could spell a lot with what will happen in the future.

Free Essays on One Hell Of A Night

One Hell of a Night I have never felt the action of my heart falling into my stomach, until the night of June 3, 2001. It was around three o'clock in the morning and I was waiting up for my girlfriend, Tracy, to get off of work. She was a bartender at a night club in Philadelphia, called Maui and she would always call me as she was leaving. She needed someone to talk to her on the ride home, since it was almost 50 minutes long. Tonight was like any other night, she called and we talked about how her night went, how much money she made, gossip at work, etc. Like any other night, her night was horrible. The people who frequently went there were rude and didn't tip well. After dealing with uneducated jerks, the ride home talking to me was a blessing. She would finally be able to relax after serving people drinks for over six hours straight. About ten minutes after we got on the phone, I heard a quick intake of breath, a loud boom, a brief period of silence, and then my girlfriend screaming. It was the worst scream I have ever heard in my entire life, a scream of pain, a scream of complete human pain. And it was coming from the love of my life, the woman I wanted to spend the rest of my life with. That is the moment when I felt my heart fall into the depths of my stomach. After a few minutes she stopped screaming and I had no idea what had happened. Frantically I repeated her name over and over, until finally I heard her reply. As she sobbed into the phone, she told me that she had gotten into a car accident and the driver who hit her had taken off. The driver blew a red light and hit her on the drivers’ side door, totaling her car. Luckily the airbags were deployed and she was wearing her seatbelt. She kept repeating how much her arm hurt, and how she couldn't move it. Since no one was around, I told her to call 911, and to call me back right away. I hung up the phone with her and began my quest for a ride. ... Free Essays on One Hell Of A Night Free Essays on One Hell Of A Night One Hell of a Night I have never felt the action of my heart falling into my stomach, until the night of June 3, 2001. It was around three o'clock in the morning and I was waiting up for my girlfriend, Tracy, to get off of work. She was a bartender at a night club in Philadelphia, called Maui and she would always call me as she was leaving. She needed someone to talk to her on the ride home, since it was almost 50 minutes long. Tonight was like any other night, she called and we talked about how her night went, how much money she made, gossip at work, etc. Like any other night, her night was horrible. The people who frequently went there were rude and didn't tip well. After dealing with uneducated jerks, the ride home talking to me was a blessing. She would finally be able to relax after serving people drinks for over six hours straight. About ten minutes after we got on the phone, I heard a quick intake of breath, a loud boom, a brief period of silence, and then my girlfriend screaming. It was the worst scream I have ever heard in my entire life, a scream of pain, a scream of complete human pain. And it was coming from the love of my life, the woman I wanted to spend the rest of my life with. That is the moment when I felt my heart fall into the depths of my stomach. After a few minutes she stopped screaming and I had no idea what had happened. Frantically I repeated her name over and over, until finally I heard her reply. As she sobbed into the phone, she told me that she had gotten into a car accident and the driver who hit her had taken off. The driver blew a red light and hit her on the drivers’ side door, totaling her car. Luckily the airbags were deployed and she was wearing her seatbelt. She kept repeating how much her arm hurt, and how she couldn't move it. Since no one was around, I told her to call 911, and to call me back right away. I hung up the phone with her and began my quest for a ride. ...

Free Essays on Escape From Alcatraz

Alcatraz Island sits in the middle of San Francisco Bay. Most people think of the prisoners, its history before it became a prison, and even a few movies. One of those movies had been based on a true story. Escape from Alcatraz was a movie that told the story of Frank Morris and the Anglin Brothers, the only people who ever â€Å"made it† off the island. But did they ever make it to the mainland? Frank Morris was considered to be very brilliant. If anyone could get out of an â€Å"inescapable prison,† it would be him. Morris was shipped from one foster home to another when he was an infant, clear into his teenage years. He was convicted of his first crime when he was only thirteen. By the time he was in his late teens, his record ranged from narcotics possession, to armed robbery. He was sent to Alcatraz because of his â€Å"shotgun freedom† escape attempts. John and Clarence Anglin were brothers that were convicted for bank robbery in Georgia. In the Atlanta federal penitentiary they became acquainted with Morris, and were sent to Alcatraz for escape attempts similar to those of Morris. But a sentence in Alcatraz still wasn’t enough for Morris, and he let it rub off on the Anglin brothers. Allan West was another prison inmate that was in on the plan. He was very arrogant, and later took credit for the plan. He was serving his second term on the rock. In December of 1961, the plan started to take shape. The brothers were slowly sneaking hair from the barbershop in the prison, and hiding it in their cells. Morris would spend most of the nights chipping away at the air vent in his cell, and by May of ’62, all three had dug through the six-by-nine-inch holes. The Anglin’s cells were next to each other, and so were West’s and Morris’s. The inmates took different shifts with one working, and one as a look out. They started at 5:30 p.m. and continued on until 9:00 p.m. John and Clarence started making dummy heads, and even na... Free Essays on Escape From Alcatraz Free Essays on Escape From Alcatraz Alcatraz Island sits in the middle of San Francisco Bay. Most people think of the prisoners, its history before it became a prison, and even a few movies. One of those movies had been based on a true story. Escape from Alcatraz was a movie that told the story of Frank Morris and the Anglin Brothers, the only people who ever â€Å"made it† off the island. But did they ever make it to the mainland? Frank Morris was considered to be very brilliant. If anyone could get out of an â€Å"inescapable prison,† it would be him. Morris was shipped from one foster home to another when he was an infant, clear into his teenage years. He was convicted of his first crime when he was only thirteen. By the time he was in his late teens, his record ranged from narcotics possession, to armed robbery. He was sent to Alcatraz because of his â€Å"shotgun freedom† escape attempts. John and Clarence Anglin were brothers that were convicted for bank robbery in Georgia. In the Atlanta federal penitentiary they became acquainted with Morris, and were sent to Alcatraz for escape attempts similar to those of Morris. But a sentence in Alcatraz still wasn’t enough for Morris, and he let it rub off on the Anglin brothers. Allan West was another prison inmate that was in on the plan. He was very arrogant, and later took credit for the plan. He was serving his second term on the rock. In December of 1961, the plan started to take shape. The brothers were slowly sneaking hair from the barbershop in the prison, and hiding it in their cells. Morris would spend most of the nights chipping away at the air vent in his cell, and by May of ’62, all three had dug through the six-by-nine-inch holes. The Anglin’s cells were next to each other, and so were West’s and Morris’s. The inmates took different shifts with one working, and one as a look out. They started at 5:30 p.m. and continued on until 9:00 p.m. John and Clarence started making dummy heads, and even na...