Literature Review About Merger And Acquisition Performance Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3525 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? The literature has mostly studied the effects on employment after mergers and acquisitions (MAs) in Finland. MAs is a main point to enlarge a purchasing firm in all developed countries. Mostly restructuring involved in ownership changes. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Literature Review About Merger And Acquisition Performance Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Although MA could use to restructure the economy but it seems to be a threat to employment. After the removal of restrictions over foreign ownership during the early 1990s, cross-border MAs have greatly increased in number in this country and cause a public debate. In comparing to other firms, nonmanufacturing firm got the lesser effect on employment after cross-border MAs. Internal restructurings have substantial negative employment effects in trade but the most important is that almost all changes in ownership will leads to employment losses. MAs bring along the motives of to obtain genuine synergy gains, utilize scales economies in various forms, then, strengthen the market power in pricing, after that, revise the implicit agreements related to the firms personnel and other stakeholders, lastly, promote the managers own deviating interests. The effect of on MAs employment may be contingent on the type of MAs. The factors that matter are the distance between the target and ac quiring firm (domestic or foreign in our study), the nationality of the acquiring firm (domestic or foreign), and the institutional nature of an acquirer (another firm or another form of MA). MAs makes effect on employment in manufacturing, construction and other services, and trade (including hotels and restaurants) industry. Crossborder MAs or domestic MAs in which the purchasing firm is foreign-owned always leads to greater employment losses than other domestic MAs and internal restructurings. While during the late of the 1990s, there has been a substantial increase in the number of cross-border MAs. Mostly, which is around 60 percent of Cross-border MA activity has been concentrated in transport, the wholesale trade, and real estate, renting and business activities. Domestic MAs were most widely spread in the Finnish Savings Banks Group. Foreign companies tend to take over certain Finnish companies with particular observable characteristics. Based on the results from Fi nnish data (Lehto), foreign companies have a tendency to take over firms whose workers education level is high, whose size is large, and who are exporters. There are substantial negative (and statistically significant) employment effects for all sectors. This is consistent with our hypothesis that in the service industries a domestic purchaser, being located in the same relevant market as the target firm, may have a greater interest than a foreign one to buy another firm to limit competition We can sum up that almost all changes in ownership lead to employment losses and crossborder MAs have a negative impact only in manufacturing firm. A well-known explanation for employment losses is that the change in control through MAs offers an opportunity for a new management team to go back on on implicit labour contracts that have constituted obstacles for layoffs. Cross border and acquisition This journal state that the majority of crossborder MAs are not successful. Understanding the problems and opportunities of cross-border mergers and acquisitions is an essential element in understanding most MAs, and indeed in understanding the nature of global strategy. The acquisition of Columbia Pictures by Sony Corp in 1989. Sony was forced to take an unprecedented $3.2 billion write-down in 1994. This merger is now a classic case study of what not to do in cross-border deals. legal problems stemming from their recruitment of senior management who were under contract at Time Warner, lack of internal controls over budgeting, weak understanding of the fundamentals of the acquired business, and an overly optimistic belief in synergies arising from vertical integration and from applying Sonys technological competencies to the movie and television business. The two companies must reach agreement on which products and services will be offered, which facility or group will have primary responsibility for making this happen, who will be in charge of each of these facilities or groups, where will the expected cost savings come from, what will the division of labor look like in the executive suite, what timetable to follow that will best generate the potential synergies of the deal, and myriad other issues that are complex, detailed, and immediate .this merging companies must continue to compete and serve their customers in a competitive marketplace. The keys to establishing an effective strategic logic lie in answering questions such as: How will this merger create value, and when will this value be realized? Why are we a better parent for this company than someone else? Can this merger pass the better-off test will we be able to create more value (by being more competitive, having a stronger cost structure, gaining additional competencies that we can leverage in new ways, etc.) after the deal? These are difficult questions that require caref ul, objective, preacquisition analysis. Overstate the real strategic benefits of a deal is a definite problem that must be guarded against. Pressures that arise from the desire to close a deal quickly before rival bidders appear, cultural and sometimes language barriers that create uncertainty, and the often emotionally charged atmosphere surrounding negotiations, work against this requirement of objectivity. The highest potential crossborder MAs tend to be between firms that share similar or complementary operations in such key areas as production and marketing. When two companies share similar core businesses there are often opportunities for economies of scale at various stages of the value chain Employee stress and uncertainty can be particularly troublesome in crossborder deals. Mergers create uncertainty, and people often experience considerable stress during this time. There is a real danger that some of the best people in a company will leave as a result of the merg er after all, it is usually the best people that have the most attractive outside opportunities and inattention to their personal concerns may be costly. Studies indicate that the root cause of employee problems are feelings of mistrust and stress, perceived restrictions in career plans, and attacks on established cultural traditions within the acquired company, Differences among management and workers can sometimes spiral into broader community and political problems. Given the importance of integration to acquisition success, how can companies best manage this process? There are several important considerations. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ­Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Understand that most of the value creation in an acquisition occurs after the deal is done. For all the synergies and benefits that are projected to accrue from an acquisition, none can be realized without substantial effort during the integration process. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ­Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Plan for integration before doing the deal. There are many reasons why companies do not do this such as time constraints, insufficient information, lack of awareness of how critical integration really is but the alternative is to essentially guess at the sources of value creation. Develop a checklist of key integration issues, assign personal responsibility and a timetable for dealing with these issues, and set targets that will enable the value creation needed to make the deal work. Although integration is a process that cannot be completed in a few days, this analysis should yield a blueprint for how to create value from the acquisition. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ­Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Work the details. Some of the confusion and complexity of cross-border mergers can be mitigated by ensuring that executives in an acquiring company learn about differences in accounting standards, labor laws, environmental regulations, and norms and regulations governing how business is conducted in the country of the acquired firm early in the process. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ­Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Develop a clear communication plan throughout the entire process. The prospective melding of different country cultures in a cross-border deal can easily compound the uncertainty employees experience in any merger, and must be addressed in a proactive manner. In sum, there are two fundamental imperatives that must be underscored in any discussion of cross-border mergers and acquisitions. First, companies engage in a merger or acquisition to create value, and that value creation comes about through a combination of synergy realization to cut costs and competitive strategy repositioning to increase revenues and growth. And second, both the synergy realization and competitive strategy goals cannot be achieved without significant attention to the challenge of acquisition integration. If cross-border MA strategies are to fulfill their potential, and justify the premium companies t ypically pay to engage in them, managers will need to fully understand, and embrace, these two imperatives. MA performance This journal is an Empirical Evidence from Taiwan. The financial sector was transformed and opened to local conglomerates and foreigners in late 1980s and early 1990s. It made up more competition the domestic financial markets. The resulting rapid growth of financial institutions has increased market competition, forcing decision makers to adopt appropriate pricing strategies to maintain or increase market share. During the financial crisis of 1997, nonperforming loan (NPL) problems occur. To reduce the NPLs, two new regulations announced to encourage financial institutions to merge with others as financial holding corporations (FHCs). The overall NPL ratio of financial institutions which once peaked at 8.16 percent in 2001 was reduced under this new policy. Rhoades (1998) studies the MA performances of nine European banks and finds that MA can improve banks operating performance. On the other hand, Stiroh (2000) finds that MA is not capable of reducing costs or improving effici ency. Fields et al. (2007), who examine the MA cases of banks and insurance corporations in the United States and other countries from 1997 to 2002, find that positive abnormal returns existed for bidders, in addition to significant improvements with respect to economies of scale and locations. Campa and Hernando (2006), who study the MA performance of financial industries in Europe, report that shareholder returns of target corporations are positive around the date of announcement, while returns to the shareholders of the acquiring firms are essentially zero around the date of announcement. the increased size, complexity, and market share, after MA, financial institutions might be too big to fail and unwind, or, more accurately, too big to discipline adequately. This viewpoint suggests that, even though MA can increase the size and market power of financial institutions rapidly, it does not guarantee improved performance. In this section, we first categorize MA activities int o business, finance, and investment. For each category, according to the objectives that FHCs aim to accomplish, we next develop some empirical hypotheses in order to test FHC performance. Table 1 summarizes the objectives of FHCs. Finally, we discuss our empirical methodology This paper has investigated the performance of MA activities for 14 FHCs in Taiwan. The results suggest that while the profitability of FHCs increases on a yearly basis, the operating performance deteriorates. In addition, this paper has tested the performance differences in a five-year period before and after the establishment of FHCs, and has found no evidence for the improved performance of FHCs after they began their operations. Overall, there is not much strong evidence that the performance of MA activities for 14 FHCs increased over time. Taiwans experience can provide lessons for other emerging East Asian and developing countries that share a similar economic structure and financial environment, especially with regard to the political ramifications introduced by the reallocation of interests among authorities, managers, and shareholders during the reform process. Company Background For the company our group chosen is the CIMB GROUP. CIMB GROUP is also known as Commerce International Merchant Bankers Berhad. CIMB GROUP is a commercial bank and is the second largest financial services provider in Malaysia. It is also one of the most leading banking groups in Southeast Asia. They own the motto of To Be South East Asias Most Valued Universal Bank (CIMB Group, 2010). While their vision is classified below: We are in the business of creating value for our customers The main significance here is value. The value provided is mainly for the customers in terms of services company provided. The more value created, the more customers will turn to them. We believe the best way to create the most value is by enabling our people The keyword here is enabling. The way the company enable the employees is to actively and effectively engage them in placing, motivating and supporting, unleashing their true potential to produce more values for the customers. In order to protect our reputation and business, we speak and act with integrity Integrity is the main variable here. It refers to the approaches of how the employees treat the customers needs and interests. It is based on how the way employees speak, and act honestly and sincerely towads customers (CIMB Group, 2010). Behind this merging company, the background is complicated but chronogically, there are two main company whom plays an important role in forming CIMB GROUP. They are Bumiputra-Commerce Holding Berhad(BCHB) and Southern Bank Berhad(SBB). The main historical event are shown below: 1965 Southern Bank Berhad (SBB) is founded as Southern Banking Ltd.  It started its business in Penang and continue to expand into other states. In the same time, the Bank Bumiputra Malaysia Berhad(BBMB) also incorporated (CIMB Group, 2010). It develop prominently with banking facilities and services throughout from urban areas to rural areas untill 1979. It was also the first to introduce the MEPS/ATM system throughout Malaysia today. 1970 2000 Around the 30 years, there are several different merging banks and other highlighted activities occur. In 1972, Indian Overseas Bank Ltd, Indian Bank Ltd and United Commercial Bank Ltd merge and form United Asian Bank Berhad(UAB). Then, Pertanian Baring Sanwa Multinational Berhad(PBS) was incorporated in 1974. While in 1986, Bank of Commerce Berhad(formerly known as Ban Chiang Bank) replaced Bank Pertanian as the controlling shareholder of PBS, following which its name was changed to Commerce International Merchant Bankers Berhad (CIMB) (CIMB Group, 2010). In November 1991, Bank of Commerce merge with UAB and form Commerce-Asset Holdings Berhad(CAHB). Due to Asian Financial Crisis in 1997 hits Malaysia critically, and subsequently in October 1999, BBMB and Bank of Commerce merge to form Bumiputra-Commerce Bank(BCB) which is under CAHB control. The merge between them is the biggest merger in Malaysias banking history that ever recorded (CIMB Group, 2010). 2000 2005 From year 2000 onwards, CIMB began to actively involved in banking industry. In January 2003, CIMB Berhad had successfully listed on the Bursa Saham Kuala Lumpur(BSKL) and also launch CIMB Islamic (CIMB Group, 2010). Furthermore in 2004, CIMB acquire 70% of CTB and CAFM from BCHB. Then they were merged and become CIMB-Principal Asset Management Berhad(CPAM). In June 2005, CIMB also acquire G. K. Goh Securities Pte Ltd and Bumiputra-Commerce Group from CAHB. As a result of that, CAHB was renamed as Bumiputra-Commerce Holdings Berhad(BCHB) (CIMB Group, 2010). 2006 2008 After the acquisition of several banks and being listed in BSKL, CIMB Group had stabilizes its business and complete restructuring the exercise under BCHB. In March 2006, the Southern Bank Berhad Board of Directors agree to be purchase by BCHB which is under CIMB Group. Encapsulating investment banking, consumer banking, Islamic banking, expertise of BCB and agility of SBB, CIMB Group is able to mark itself on the Malaysian financial landscape (CIMB Group, 2010). Now, it is recognize as a universal bank. In accordance with the motto To Be South East Asias Most Valued Universal Bank, CIMB Group are able to embark its business and putting themselves on a higher platform. In the year 2008, CIMB are able to make strategic investment in the Bank of Yingkou, China and alos launch the CIMB-Principal Islamic Asset Management. Other than that, CIMB Group also acquire BankThai (CIMB Group, 2010). 2009 Present From 2009 onwards, CIMB Group is one of the most prestigous company whom actively involve in Malaysias banking industry. With the three mian sub-brands of CIMB Group which is CIMB, CIMB BANK and CIMB ISLAMIC, CIMB Group can fulfill different needs of customers. Still, CIMB Group continue to thrive and engage their business not only in Malaysia but also in foreign country. Example/Case Study Based on the Microsoft Customer Solution Case Study, it focuses on the weaknesses of human resource department in CIMB Group. The case study disscuss about the problem face and provide a solution for the company. The main problem CIMB Group face is the failure of tracking the status of staff request and applications; lack of amalgamation between departments, missing forms and need require more space to store hardcopy forms (Microsoft, 2005). Later on, CIMB Group realize that they need a system which is able to empower the human resource staff making them more capable. Before choosing, CIMB Group evaluated several human resource systems such as SAP and Peoplesoft. In the end, the company adopted a customized system from Mesiniaga, their Microsoft-based eHR. It was implemented as it meets CIMB Group requirements in terms of cost effective system and user friendly. It solve much of the problem and even add in new features. The system improved the company performance in terms of per formance appraisal, remuneration package, traning module and online employee handbook. All of that had been electronicalized and it save a lot of unnecessary paperwork plus reduce the potential errors in data entry. Ultimately, it improve the efficiency of work in the company (Microsoft, 2005). As adopted CIMB case study From mortar and bricks to cards and clicks it describe about a project development for CIMB Group and John Ryan was the project manager. It comprises four phase of the project. The first phase is to establish the retailing concept throughout the branches. For instance, researches such as network analysis, increased migration to self-service, generation of customer enquiries, consultation and elevated sales rates is carry out (Vilasini Krishnan, 2008). Entering the second phase, the concept is develop. Environmental design and retailing upgrades were included. On the third phase, suggestion were made to correct the deviation of the concept. Follow by phase fou r, all the plans were implemented and was launch at CIMB Banks The Curve Branch (Vilasini Krishnan, 2008). Reasons for Merging and Acquisition In this current competitive world, the competition between rival are getting more aggressive. Obvoiusly, when an opponent change the strategy, the market in the same industry will not be the same again. Merging or acquisition with another firm is very common thing. First of all, we need to know that merge here means two or more different companies combine and form a new one. While acquisition is a firm purchase another firm in terms of buildings, shares and businesses. Thus, our study include the reasons why company would enter into an agreement for merge or acquisition. Why merge? Reduce competition and for growth Whenever a company merge, this means that the market power will gain in the industry. A company(CIMB) increase the market power will have more dominance which will make them more robust in the industry. Hence, this will provide more rooms for growth as merging will covers more section(banking, investment, securities). Growth here will increase the profitability, size and productivity of a company. According to Perry-Porter model, it explain that there is a factor of production whose total supply is fixed in the industry(Tore Nilssen, n.d.). Furthermore, if a company(CIMB) want to expand, then it will need to access to more of this factor and gain from other firm in the industry(Tore Nilssen, n.d.). For instance, they include human capital and knowledge. Diversification Diversification here explain as diversify of revenues and funding (Focarelli, Panetta, Salleo, 2002). As mergers are provoked by aiming to extend the customer base for servi ces, they must provide the best for them. Because it possess different revenue and funding, mergers like CIMB are able to lend money to large firm as it own higher stability and that is why a bank can persist. Geographic diversification is also a reason to merge. This will help to reduce the exposure to any region (Brad Myers, 2006). Necessity In a compelling situation, sometimes firms are being force to merge. Economy plays an important role in it. For example, when economic downturn, small company had no choice and unable to sustain, eventually, stronger firms will gain advantage by merging with them. Unless the niche company has a defensive strategy or alternative way otherwise this is one of the way for the survival of the company. Why acquisition? Expansion The main reasons for acquisition is for the expansion of a firm. For example, CIMB had purchase BankThai in 2008. This prove that it helps CIMB to move rapidly into an international area because BankThai is already operating there. Another example can be seen is the acquisition of Anheuser-Busch by Belgium InBev. Both are beer company and Inbev has a strong market in Europe and Latin America. After overtaking Anheuser-Busch, Inbev was a ble to achieve a robust position in the U.S (Wheele Hunger, 2010). It usually engage a horizontal integration within the firms. Gain advantage of acquired company In acquisition, the motive is to gain advantage of the other firm. For instance, from the example of CIMB and BankThai, CIMB can learn the culture, how the perform the transaction in Thailand. This provide a competitive advantage over the competitors.

Taking a Look at the University of Oregon - 728 Words

College Essay - University of Oregon The University of Oregon is located in Eugene, Oregon. The University of Oregon is widely known for an impeccable environmental science department as well as for being a very progressive university. The beautiful mountainous location allows for very applicable science classes and contributes greatly to the learning of the students. Relatively close proximity to the city of Portland and the Pacific ocean are very intriguing to many, attracting many potential students and adding greatly to the population of the school. The University of Oregon is a great choice for students interested in the future of the planet’s environments. The University of Oregon was established in 1876 and started with 155 students and five teachers. Since its slow beginning, UO has been admitted to the Association of American Universities and its population has increased to over 24,000 students as of 2013(uoregon.edu). The women to men ratio is 52:48 and the student to faculty ratio is 24:1(Peterson’s). Ranked 217th overall in Forbes Magazine Americas Top Colleges, the University of Oregon offers a lot of great opportunities for many types of students. Applications for the University of Oregon are moderately difficult. With a 73% acceptance rate and moderate test score requirements, most applicants get in. The SAT test averages range anywhere from 993 to 1223(Forbes). Most students applying have a higher math SAT score(Peterson’s), further emphasizing the goodShow MoreRelatedShould College Athletes Should Be Paid?1580 Words   |  7 Pagespromised a $2,000 stipend. However, within a month, more than 125 athletic directors of universities and conference commissioners signed an â€Å"override request,† and the NCAA decided to suspend these payments. The athletes who signed before this suspension still received this $2,000 stipend, even without losing their amateur status. 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Comparing Spoken and Written Communication Free Essays

Comparing spoken and written communication Spoken language and web based communication are different from each other: they both have different features and aspects. Spoken language takes place in person, is transitory and relies on sounds. Whereas web based communication takes place online where speakers can be many miles apart during a conversation. We will write a custom essay sample on Comparing Spoken and Written Communication or any similar topic only for you Order Now So the features in web based communication are not present in spoken communication. A common factor which is required for a spoken conversation is turn-taking. This is when another speaker(s) allow the active speaker to finish conveying their point without interrupting. An example in my transcript is ‘Or do you want to check? ’ which is a complete utterance then the reply is ‘We’ll both check’. After person H has finished speaking only then does person F reply, this makes sure that the person speaking has the chance to say what they want to. Turn-taking allows a long and meaningful conversation to take place. If a speaker is interrupted, the other speaker will not be able to produce a sufficient response, causing the conversation to eventually end. Many spoken conversation conversations contain spontaneity; face to face conversations have to be quick and spontaneous. Speakers need to think of what they are going to say almost immediately. Rapid responses can avoid awkward and unwanted pauses. Sometimes the time given for a response is often too short, so to give the speaker some time to think about what to say next, fillers are used. An example is ‘Erm, I don’t know’. Fillers are commonly used at the beginning of a sentence or in the middle when the speaker is unsure of what to say (next). Without fillers the previous speaker may think they are still required to speak. We based communication can be considered as a mixture of written and spoken language as it has the spontaneous feature of spoken language but written as it gives the reader some margin in the time for their response. Some features such as fillers and non-fluency pauses are not displayed in web based language. Also as it is not done face to face, responders use other means of showing emotion, emphasis and in some circumstances, context. This leads to my first difference between web based and spoken language. As web based communication is made mostly of numbers, words and symbols. The actual meaning in spoken language is normally shown by the speakers tone, facial expression and gestures – which can be distorted, making it hard to display the literal meaning of text (pragmatics). So to get around this situation, online communications often use numbers, symbols and emoticons as representations of facial expressions. For example person F says ‘Yh, it woz sooo easy :)’ the emoticon was made using a colon and a closing bracket, indicating the casual and acknowledging manner as it would have been spoken as it a face to face conversation between person F and H. Features like these are not present in spoken language because they are already indicated by paralinguistic features. For example hand/body gestures and facial language of the speaker(s) which allow the pragmatic meaning and context to be understood properly. Another difference between spoken and web based communication is the way particular words and phrases are accentuated with the purpose to change the anticipated meaning. In spoken language this is done through the elongation of words such as ‘Hiiii’, or through altering the intonation of the voice, these are examples of prosodic features. Elongation is when a word is extended to place emphasis on the word(s) and to highlight its significance in the conversation However, while elongation of words in web based communication can simply be depicted as the repletion of vowels or consonants. Words in web based communication are not heard but read; consequently the physical varying of dynamics cannot be expressed. I have explored the differences between web based and spoken language but similarities are also shared between the two. Whilst speaking, specifically during long conversations, speakers often wish to speak as quickly and efficiently as possible to avoid zoning out and causing ear aches to yourself or the person you are talking to. Therefore to avoid any of the above from happening elision and ellipsis are used, elision is the omission of a vowel or syllable to make a word shorter by omitting a vowel or syllable (e. g. didn’t, won’t, can’t, etc. ) or by combining two words together for example: gonna which is going and to, wanna which is want and to. Elision is when whole words are removed from context but the utterance can still be understood for example ‘Same, just sitting down. ’ is a shortened version of ‘I’m doing the same thing, just sitting down’. This is also visible in web based communication; ellipsis and elision are used to convey a message quicker. However, unlike in spoken communication, this is done because many people are not able to type letters quickly or some websites such as twitter impose a character limit so acronyms and abbreviations are used to reduce the number of letters, spaces, symbols and numbers in the message. An example of an acronym is ‘†¦g2g†¦ ’ this stands for ‘got to go’ so it is a more rapid way of getting a message across using 2 letters and a number, especially when a person online has to go. Word shortening, using ellipsis and elision is more apparent online than in spoken language. The word length is determined by how many syllables a word has, not letters. For that reason numerous acronyms are used online as opposed to a spoken conversation, as acronyms do not provide any benefit in spoken communication. In today’s society and culture spoken communication is valued more than web based communication; this is why a good speech holds more significance and inspiration than an article online, spoken communication is genuine, authentic and unique. This could be due to the fact that the speakers tone, facial expression, gestures and emotion is expressed, whereas in web based communication we stare an emotionless, cold and bare wall of text. It may also be attributable to the point that the full capability of the internet has not yet been demoralised. Many people see web speak as one of the factors that vitiates the English language and contributes to poor spelling and bad grammar. Conversely others see it as a quick, efficient and practical way of communicating with one another when the means to do so are limited in terms of length and speech. How to cite Comparing Spoken and Written Communication, Essay examples

Prenatal Health Care in the United States

Question: Discuss about the Prenatal Health Care in the United States? Answer: Prenatal Care in the United States of America is regarded as a health care provided to women to treat them during their pregnancy period. The United States has differences in the socioeconomic sector that prevent the country to adopt an equal rate of prenatal care all throughout the country. The health care degrees vary by race, ethnicity, level of income and demographics. Surveys have shown that almost one-fifth of US women do not utilize prenatal care during their first phase of pregnancy. They also reveal that the parts of the United States with low socio-economic conditions cannot access the health care as compared to the women staying in urban areas. Women with higher income seek more prenatal care than that of women with low income (Frost, 2013). The priorities and roles of prenatal care are largely affected by the cultural discrimination in South Africa (Tomlinson, et al. 2014). The family structure of the South African people is almost unimaginable. They have the Ubuntu philosophy and that instructs them to see everybody as a greater whole. They have high reproductive rates as compared to the other countries and its maternal rate has worsened in the past few years. On the other hand, India is a developing country and it has several issues in providing prenatal care to the women of the country. The women with higher income can have access to better facilities than of the women in rural areas. This increases the infant mortality rate and increased diseases in newborns (Acharya, et al. 2015). Risk factors during the pregnancy period increase. The above-mentioned facts reveal that the United States of America affords many opportunities to increase the economic growth of the people. They have unevenly distributed the wealth in various categories of people according to their population growth and several historical factors. Therefore, the poor women have less access to the health care provided by the professionals of health care. However, the government of the United States of America has taken the initiative to provide health care to the women with low socio-economic status. On the other hand, South Africa and India have been facing similar problems in the health care sector. Both the countries are developing and do not have developed infrastructure like the United States of America. Therefore, the countries need to adopt various measures to bridge the gap between the rich and the poor and then they would be able to provide equal health care to the people in their countries (Heberlein, et al. 2015) This particular report brings out the differences in providing health care to the people of the above-mentioned countries. However, the United States of America is a developed country and has improved infrastructure to sort the differences among its community of people. The US government has adopted various measures to decrease the infant mortality rate and increase the infant birth rate. The government is trying to increase the employment opportunities to assure a fair distribution of wealth. This would further ascertain equal health opportunities to all the pregnant women in the said country who require prenatal care (Creanga, et al. 2015). References Acharya, A., Lalwani, T., Dutta, R., Rajaratnam, J. K., Ruducha, J., Varkey, L. C., ... Bernson, J. (2015). Evaluating a large-scale community-based intervention to improve pregnancy and newborn health among the rural poor in India.American journal of public health,105(1), 144-152. Creanga, A. A., Berg, C. J., Syverson, C., Seed, K., Bruce, F. C., Callaghan, W. M. (2015). Pregnancy-related mortality in the United States, 20062010.Obstetrics Gynecology,125(1), 5-12. Frost, J. J. (2013). US Womens use of sexual and reproductive health services: Trends, sources of care and factors associated with use, 19952010. Heberlein, E. C., Picklesimer, A. H., Billings, D. L., Covington-Kolb, S., Farber, N., Frongillo, E. A. (2015). The comparative effects of group prenatal care on psychosocial outcomes.Archives of women's mental health, 1-11. Tomlinson, M., OConnor, M. J., Le Roux, I. M., Stewart, J., Mbewu, N., Harwood, J., Rotheram-Borus, M. J. (2014). Multiple risk factors during pregnancy in South Africa: the need for a horizontal approach to perinatal care.Prevention Science,15(3), 277-282.